Microseismic surveys have demonstrated the abundance of natural fractures where shear slippage occurs due to hydraulic fracturing. These natural fractures and their intersection with hydraulic fractures significantly complicate the optimization of hydraulic fracturing strategies especially in shale resources with multiple simultaneous or sequential stimulation stages. The clusters’ hydraulic connection within a stage may substantially influence the hydraulic fracture propagation pattern considering the highly variable perforation efficiencies of clusters. These complexities promote the proposed developments in our poro-elastic cohesive zone models for hydraulic fracturing in Abaqus.
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