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Over the past couple of decades, standard test methods and material models have existed for rubber-like materials. These materials were classified under the category of Hyperelastic materials. Well established physical test methods and computational procedures exist for the characterization of the material behavior in tension, compression, shear volumetric response, tear strength etc. In this paper, we make an attempt to demonstrate the use of such standard test methods and the applicability of such test data for performing finite element analyses of complex nonlinear problems using Abaqus. Our goal is to demonstrate the effective use of standard physical test data to model multi-axial loading situations and fracture of hyperelastic materials through tear tests and indentation test simulations.

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A simulation is needed to investigate the heat generation on a rubber section of a wheel which is running at a constant speed. In parallel with this loading case a rig test was carried out to verify the finite element analysis. For analysis point of view a traditional way is to use the Lagrangian approach in which the mesh is used to discretize the structure (both materials and mesh are spatially fixed) and many revolutions are typically required to obtain the state of interest to the analyst, this approach is prohibitively expensive and cumbersome. Abaqus provides an approach based on the Eulerian theory in which the finite element mesh of the wheel does not rotate, instead the materials flow through the mesh.

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Nonlinear analysis using Riks method is suitable for predicting buckling, post-buckling, or collapse of certain types of structures, materials, or loading conditions, where linear or eigenvalue method will become inadequate or incapable, especially when nonlinear material, such as plasticity, is present, or post-buckling behavior is of interest. These structures usually undergo finite deformations due to complicated loadings or material plasticity before buckling actually occurs, which changes system matrices, and thus, makes the eigenvalue analysis inaccurate, difficult, or even impossible to perform. This study intends to demonstrate the use of Riks method in the nonlinear analysis of buckling and post-buckling behaviors of a flexible structure under bending and compressive loads.

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Customer Papers

Transient dynamic simulations gain importance in the automotive industry and modern fatigue postprocessors are apt to evaluate the fatigue damage. However, additional insight into a structure’s behaviour may be obtained from observing the displacements. Displacement patterns are important for design engineers in order to improve the structure. With proportional static loads it is trivial to display and understand the displacements, but the displacements in dynamic simulations are often very complicated. This paper describes a novel method for visualising the transient displacements of mode-based analyses. Based on the modal displacements a new simple, yet fatigue equivalent, modal displacement is computed and visualized instead.

Customer Papers

Hybrid III dummies are among the most frequently used dummies in both industry and academia for vehicle crash safety. Abaqus is one of most widely applied finite element codes in the world. To meet the needs of crash safety analysis and to exploit the potential of the Abaqus/Explicit code, a family of HIII dummies, including HII 50th male, 5th female and 95th male dummies, were developed at FTSS in collaboration with Simulia and BMW. This paper describes in detail the development of the HIII dummies with specific reference to the HIII 50th dummy.

Customer Papers

The ability to accurately model welding processes in order to predict residual stresses and distortions is becoming increasingly important in the engineering industry. Abaqus can be used to model the welding process but this has been found to be considerably time consuming and requires a large number of assumptions to be made. Virtual Fabrication Technology is an analysis software suite that is designed to allow Abaqus to accurately model complex welding procedures. It was developed by the Battelle Memorial Institute in conjunction with Caterpillar Incorporated in the USA. The software is centred on a Graphical User Interface that is used to assign welding paths, parameters and material properties to FE models that have been imported from Abaqus/CAE.

Customer Papers

For inclusion of inertia effects of moving fluid columns or strings into structural mechanics simulations, a combined finite-element modelling scheme is proposed in ABAQUS. The concept has been realized in the form of user subroutines (UEL) of beam type. These can be coupled to existing standard (e.g., Euler-Bernoulli or Timoshenko) elements . The proposed Coriolis elements can be applied for, e.g., prediction of loads from high-speed flows and phase shifts of oscillating fluid-conveying pipe systems with arbitrary complex designs. The modelling scheme also allows a flexible coupling to shell or solid finite-element models.

Customer Papers

The objective of this work was to minimize the mass of a mechanism for locking aircraft landing gear doors whilst ensuring stresses did not exceed the material allowable stress. A typical metallic locking mechanism comprises a frame attached to the aircraft structure and supporting a number of linkages through pivot pins. These linkages transfer translational motion of a hydraulic actuator into rotation of a hook, which engages with the door. The structure was modelled with Abaqus/Standard as a non-linear static analysis involving contact, but with no material or geometric non-linearity.

Customer Papers

Skid a full vehicle against a curb in lateral and longitudinal direction are two out of several tests to proof the strength of a suspension. Knowing the internal forces acting on suspension components during such an event is extremely important for being able to dimension safety critical parts correctly. Measuring these loads is an elaborate task, because the use of wheel force transducers is not possible due the risk of damaging them. It is necessary to apply strain gauges and force cells instead. Furthermore an attempt will be made to transfer the full vehicle impact tests / simulations to suspension level testing. Both a suspension impact rig as well as a simple static suspension strength rig will be set up in the real and the virtual world.

Customer Papers

Heat treatment processes, particularly quenching, are essential to improve mechanical properties in the production of steel castings, but they also generate residual strains and stresses and volumetric expansion due to phase transformations and microstructure changes that occur during heat treatment of a steel body. These coupled thermo-mechanical-microestructural problem involves some complex metallurgical relationships that are described by different mathematical models. The purpose of the present work is to develop a computational tool, using Abaqus and FORTRAN subroutines, for analyzing the complete problem of heat treatment distortion and thermal stresses that includes prediction of the phase transformations, microstructure and material properties.

Customer Papers

The capabilities of Abaqus as a design tool are widely known, but it is also a very effective tool for failure analysis and forensic engineering. This paper examines two case studies in which Abaqus/Standard was used to assist in determining the cause of failure. In the first instance, a motorcycle wheel was found severely deformed and broken after an accident. At issue was whether the wheel failure was caused by impact with the road after a “wheelie” or a concrete block after loss of control. Abaqus/Standard was used to simulate these loading conditions, which required contact and highly nonlinear material behavior.

Customer Papers