Monte Carlo reliability calculations for high-reliability systems are very computationally expensive. Variance reduction techniques optimize this process greatly and directional simulation is one such technique. Directional simulation is particularly valuable for high reliability systems where the failure surface is highly curved or dislocated. Subsea pipe-inpipe structures in certain classes represent such a system and Abaqus is ideally equipped to solve this structural problem, which involves contact with friction, buckling, plasticity and fabrication imperfections amongst other phenomena.
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