Understanding the lumbosacral spine and the functional spinal unit (FSU) is essential in assessing the mechanics associated with normal spine function, spinal loading, degenerative disc disease (DDD), simulations of surgery as well as the impact of fusion, and total disc replacement (TDR). The lumbosacral spine and FSU comprise of bones and complex soft tissues such as intervertebral discs (IVD) and ligaments. Probabilistic studies based on these deterministic FE formulations are of great interest currently as model input parameters (such as properties of nucleus, annulus and facet, ligament stiffness and reference strain) have been characterized experimentally and contain substantial levels of variability.
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